Reported Speech · Câu Tường Thuật
Học câu tường thuật để kể lại lời nói: lùi thì, đổi đại từ và thời gian; phân biệt said/told và câu hỏi gián tiếp. Phù hợp lớp 5.
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Reported Speech · Câu Tường Thuật
🎯 Bạn sẽ học được gì?
Trong bài này, bạn sẽ học về Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech) — dùng để:
- Kể lại lời nói của người khác
- Chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp
Sau bài học, bạn sẽ tường thuật lời nói chính xác với các quy tắc lùi thì!
📖 PHẦN 1: Lời Nói Trực Tiếp vs Gián Tiếp
So Sánh
| Loại | Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Trực tiếp | S + said, "..." | He said, "I am happy." |
| Gián tiếp | S + said (that) + S + V | He said (that) he was happy. |
Thay Đổi Khi Chuyển
| Thay đổi | Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|---|
| Đại từ | I, you, we | he/she, I/you, they |
| Thì | am/is/are | was/were |
| Từ chỉ thời gian | today, tomorrow | that day, the next day |
📖 PHẦN 2: Said vs Told
Quy Tắc
| Động từ | Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| said | said (that) + clause | He said (that) he was happy. |
| told | told + O + (that) + clause | He told me (that) he was happy. |
⚠️ Lưu ý:
- Said + KHÔNG có tân ngữ
- Told + CÓ tân ngữ (me, you, him, her, us, them)
Ví Dụ
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp với "said" | Gián tiếp với "told" |
|---|---|---|
| "I am happy." | He said he was happy. | He told me he was happy. |
| "I like coffee." | She said she liked coffee. | She told him she liked coffee. |
📖 PHẦN 3: Lùi Thì (Tense Backshift)
Bảng Lùi Thì
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | "I like tea." → He said he liked tea. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I am studying." → He said he was studying. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | "I went home." → He said he had gone home. |
| Will | Would | "I will come." → He said he would come. |
| Can | Could | "I can swim." → He said he could swim. |
| Must | Had to | "I must go." → He said he had to go. |
Ví Dụ Chi Tiết
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "I am a student." | He said he was a student. |
| "I am studying English." | He said he was studying English. |
| "I have finished my homework." | He said he had finished his homework. |
| "I went to school yesterday." | He said he had gone to school the day before. |
| "I will come tomorrow." | He said he would come the next day. |
📖 PHẦN 4: Thay Đổi Đại Từ và Từ Chỉ Thời Gian
Đại Từ
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| I | he/she |
| you | I/you (tùy ngữ cảnh) |
| we | they |
| my | his/her |
| your | my/your |
Từ Chỉ Thời Gian
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| now | then / at that time |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| here | there |
| ago | before |
| next week | the following week |
| last week | the previous week |
Ví Dụ
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "I will come tomorrow." | He said he would come the next day. |
| "I saw her yesterday." | He said he had seen her the day before. |
| "I am busy today." | He said he was busy that day. |
| "I live here." | He said he lived there. |
📖 PHẦN 5: Câu Hỏi Tường Thuật
Yes/No Questions
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "Are you happy?" | He asked if/whether I was happy. |
| "Do you like coffee?" | She asked if/whether I liked coffee. |
| "Can you swim?" | He asked if/whether I could swim. |
Công thức: asked + if/whether + S + V (lùi thì)
Wh-Questions
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "What is your name?" | He asked what my name was. |
| "Where do you live?" | She asked where I lived. |
| "When will you come?" | He asked when I would come. |
Công thức: asked + Wh-word + S + V (lùi thì)
⚠️ Lưu ý: Câu hỏi gián tiếp KHÔNG đảo ngữ!
- ❌ He asked where do I live.
- ✅ He asked where I lived.
📖 PHẦN 6: Câu Mệnh Lệnh Tường Thuật
Công Thức
| Loại | Công thức | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Khẳng định | told + O + to + V | "Open the door." → He told me to open the door. |
| Phủ định | told + O + not to + V | "Don't run." → He told me not to run. |
Ví Dụ
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "Open the door." | He told me to open the door. |
| "Close the window." | She told him to close the window. |
| "Don't be late." | He told me not to be late. |
| "Don't run." | She told them not to run. |
✨ Ví Dụ Thực Tế
Kể lại cuộc trò chuyện
Trực tiếp:
Tom: "I am going to the cinema tomorrow."
Mary: "Can I come with you?"
Tom: "Yes, you can."
Gián tiếp:
Tom said he was going to the cinema the next day. Mary asked if she could come with him. Tom said she could.
Tường thuật lời khuyên
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "You should study harder." | He told me I should study harder. |
| "Don't eat too much." | She told me not to eat too much. |
Tường thuật tin tức
*"The president said he was very happy to visit Vietnam. He said he had met many people and had seen many beautiful places. He said he would come back next year."*
"I am happy." → He said _______.
"I am happy." → He said _______.